Second-life EV batteries
A literature review of stationary applications for retired EV batteries in research and industry.
When an electric-vehicle battery is retired from driving, it still has usable capacity. This review asks when it makes sense to give it a second life in stationary storage.
Scope
- Real-world second-life projects, industry pilots and commercial deployments across Europe.
- Degradation mechanisms and first-life factors that affect second-life performance (state of health, internal resistance, knee-point behaviour).
- Repurposing at pack, module and cell level, and the trade-offs between cost, safety and performance.
- Stationary applications: PV self-consumption, peak shaving, frequency regulation, microgrids and demand response.
- Barriers to adoption: missing first-life data, cost uncertainty, competition with new batteries, and safety and regulatory issues.